कुमाँऊ का संक्षिप्त इतिहास
Posted by on September 4, 2006 Filed under इतिहास
कुमाँऊ शब्द की उत्पत्ति कुर्मांचल से हुई है जिसका मतलब है कुर्मावतार (भगवान विष्णु का कछुआ रूपी अवतार) की धरती। कुमाँऊ मध्य हिमालय में स्थित है, इसके उत्तर में हिमालय, पूर्व में काली नदी, पश्चिम में गढवाल और दक्षिण में मैदानी भाग। इस क्षेत्र में मुख्यतया ‘कत्यूरी’ और ‘चंद’ राजवंश के वंशजों द्धारा राज्य किया गया। उन्होंने इस क्षेत्र में कई मंदिरों का भी निर्माण किया जो आजकल सैलानियों (टूरिस्ट) के आकर्षण का केन्द्र भी हैं। कुमाँऊ का पूर्व मध्ययुगीन इतिहास ‘कत्यूरी’ राजवंश का इतिहास ही है, जिन्होंने 7 वीं से 11 वीं शताब्दी तक राज्य किया। इनका राज्य कुमाँऊ, गढवाल और पश्चिम नेपाल तक फैला हुआ था। अल्मोडा शहर के नजदीक स्थित खुबसूरत जगह बैजनाथ इनकी राजधानी और कला का मुख्य केन्द्र था। इनके द्धारा भारी पत्थरों से निर्माण करवाये गये मंदिर वास्तुशिल्पीय कारीगरी की बेजोड मिसाल थे। इन मंदिरों में से प्रमुख है ‘कटारमल का सूर्य मंदिर’ (अल्मोडा शहर के ठीक सामने, पूर्व के ओर की पहाडी पर स्थित)। 900 साल पूराना ये मंदिर अस्त होते ‘कत्यूरी’ साम्राज्य के वक्त बनवाया गया था।
कुमाँऊ में ‘कत्यूरी’ साम्राज्य के बाद पिथौरागढ के ‘चंद’ राजवंश का प्रभाव रहा। जागेश्वर का प्रसिद्ध शिव मंदिर इन्ही के द्धारा बनवाया गया था, 
इसकी परिधि में छोटे बडे कुल मिलाकर 164 मंदिर हैं।
ऐसा माना गया है कि ‘कोल’ शायद कुमाँऊ के मूल निवासी थे, द्रविडों से हारे जाने पर उनका कोई एक समुदाय बहुत पहले कुमाँऊ आकर बस गया। आज भी कुमाँऊ के शिल्पकार उन्हीं ‘कोल’ समुदाय के वंशज माने जाते हैं। बाद में ‘खस’ समुदाय के काफी लोग मध्य एशिया से आकर यहाँ के बहुत हिस्सों में बस गये। कुमाँऊ की ज्यादातर जनसंख्या इन्हीं ‘खस’ समुदाय की वंशज मानी जाती है। ऐसी कहावत है कि बाद में ‘कोल’ समुदाय के लोगों ने ‘खस’ समुदाय के सामने आत्मसमर्फण कर इनकी संस्कृति और रिवाज अपनाना शुरू कर दिया होगा। ‘खस’ समुदाय के बाद कुमाँऊ में ‘वैदिक आर्य’ समुदाय का आगमन हुआ। स्थानीय राजवंशों के इतिहास की शुरूआत के साथ ही यहाँ के ज्यादातर निवासी भारत के तमाम अलग अलग हिस्सों से आये ‘सवर्ण या ऊंची जात’ से प्रभावित होने लगे। आज के कुमाँऊ में ब्राह्मण, राजपूत, शिल्पकार, शाह (कभी अलग वर्ण माना जाता था) सभी जाति या वर्ण के लोग इसका हिस्सा हैं। संक्षेप में, कुमाँऊ को जानने के लिये हमेशा निम्न जातियों या समुदाय का उल्लेख किया जायेगा - शोक्य या शोक, बंराजिस, थारू, बोक्स, शिल्पकार, सवर्ण, गोरखा, मुस्लिम, यूरोपियन (औपनिवेशिक युग के समय), बंगाली, पंजाबी (विभाजन के बाद आये) और तिब्बती (सन् 1960 के बाद)।
| 6वीं शताब्दी (ए.डी) से पहले | - | क्यूनीनदास या कूनीनदास |
| 6वीं शताब्दी (ए.डी) के दौरान | - | खस, नंद और मौर्य। |
| 6वी से 12वी शताब्दी (ए.डी) | - | इस दौरान कत्यूरी वंश ने सारे कुमाँऊ में शासन किया। 1191 और 1223 के दौरान दोती (पश्चिम नेपाल) के मल्ल राजवंश के अशोका मल्ल और क्रचल्ला देव ने कुमाँऊ में आक्रमण किया। कत्यूरी वंश छोटी छोटी रियासतों में सीमित होकर रह गया। |
| 12वी शताब्दी (ए.डी) से | - | चंद वंश के शासन की शुरूआत। चंद राजवंश ने पाली, अस्कोट, बारामंडल, सुई, दोती, कत्यूर द्धवाराहाट, गंगोलीहाट, लाखनपुर रियासतों में अधिकार कर अपने राज्य में मिला ली। |
| 1261 - 1275 | - | थोहर चंद |
| 1344 - 1374 या 1360 - 1378 | - | अभय चंद। कुछ ताम्रपत्र मिले जो चंद वंश के अलग अलग शासकों से संबन्धित थे लेकिन शासकों के नाम का पता नही चल पाया। |
| 1374 - 1419 (ए.डी) | - | गरूड़ ज्ञानचंद |
| 1437 - 1450 (ए.डी) | - | भारती चंद |
| 1565 - 1597 (ए.डी) | - | रूद्र चंद |
| 1597 - 1621 (ए.डी) | - | लक्ष्मी चंद। चंद शासकों के दौरान नये शहरों की स्थापना और इनका विकास भी हुआ जैसे रूद्रपुर, बाजपुर, काशीपुर। |
| 1779 - 1786 (ए.डी) | - | कुमाँऊ के परमार राजकुमार, प्रद्धयुमन शाह ने प्रद्धयुमन चंद के नाम से राज्य किया और अंततः गोरखाओं के साथ खुरबुरा (देहरादून) के युद्ध में वीरगति को प्राप्त हुआ। |
| 1788 - 1790 (ए.डी) | - | महेन्द्र सिंह चंद, ऐसा माना जाता है कि यह चंद वंश का अंतिम शासक था। जिसने राजबुंगा (चंपावत) से शासन किया लेकिन बाद में अल्मोडा से किया। |
| 1790 - 1815 (ए.डी) | - | कुमाँउ में गोरखाओं का राज्य रहा। गोरखाओं के निर्दयता और जुल्म से भरपूर शासन में चंद वंश के शासकों का पूरा ही नाश हो गया। |
| 1814 - 1815 (ए.डी) | - | नेपाल युद्ध। ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी ने गोरखाओं को पराजित कर कुमाऊँ में राज्य करना शुरू किया। |
यदपि ब्रिटिश राज्य गोरखाओं (जिसको गोरख्योल कहा जाता था) से कम निर्दयता पूर्ण और बेहतर था लेकिन फिर भी ये विदेशी राज्य था। लेकिन फिर भी ब्रिटिश राज्य के दौरान ही कुमाँऊ में प्रगति की शुरूआत भी हुई। इसके बाद, कुमाँऊ में भी लोग विदेशी राज्य के खिलाफ उठ खडे हुए।
खुशबु द्धारा प्रदान लेख का हिन्दी अनुवाद, लेख की सामग्री प्रदान कराने के लिये खुशबु का आभार
Tags: Almora, अल्मोड़ा, कुमाँऊ, कुमाऊँ, कुमाऊंनी, जागेश्वर, पहाड़, jageshwar, short-history-of-kumaon
I have gone through the histroy of Kumaon. I feel very proud to be one of kumaoni. I would like to thank all of the writer who have put their best efforts to familarise the future genration about their history. I would also liketo thank the people of kumaon for their honesty, intelligency and brave deeds. I feel proud to be known as kumaouni as it has secrificed its peeople for the security and safety of our country-india. As our young generation used ot join the Army for keeping our country safe from the borders as well as from the terrerists. As the Govt. has been influenced by the curruption, our young generation has also change their mind set to use their skill and intelligence and power in other fields rather than joining the Army, rssults are there that number of kumouni guys are scientists, honest leader and are holding other responsible positions and are known their honesty and sincerity. Mohan chandra Sharma is one of kumouni brave example who have sacrificed his life for the people of our county. There are so many and—- so many those are not given credit because of corrupt policies and nepotism of our Govt. system and policies.
I would like to encourage the writer to write the history in such a way that our gereration will get inspiratron and boost the moral and honesty in each of indian citizen to create a
“The honest and sincere people should spread all over the country to spread their honesty, sincerity and wisdom whereas the corrupt people should shuld retain at one place so that other people should not learn their corruption and dishonest manners, their corruption should retain with them only”
Jai Hind, Jai Kumoun, Jai Bharat .
I have gone through the histroy of Kumaon. I feel very proud to be one of kumaoni. I would like to thank all of the writer who have put their best efforts to familarise the future genration about their history. I would also like to thank the people of kumaon for their honesty, intelligency and brave deeds. I feel proud to be known as kumaouni as it has secrificed its people for the security and safety of our country-india. As our young generation used ot join the Army for keeping our country safe from the borders as well as from the terrerists. As the Govt. has been influenced by the curruption, our young generation has also change their mind set to use their skill and intelligence and power in other fields rather than joining the Army, rssults are there that number of kumouni guys are scientists, honest leader and are holding other responsible positions and are known their honesty and sincerity. Mohan chandra Sharma is one of kumouni brave example who have sacrificed his life for the people of our county and for the people of Delhites. May God give birth lakhs of such honest, brave and intelligent people around us who may save their surrounding without any self interest. There are so many and—- so many those are not given credit because of corrupt policies and nepotism of our Govt. system. I would like to encourage the writer to write the history in such a way that our gereration will get inspiratron and boost the moral and honesty in each of indian citizen to create a healthy atmosphere.
“The Honest and Sincere people should spread all over the country to spread their Honesty, Sincerity and Wisdom whereas the corrupt people should shuld retain at one place so that other people should not learn their corruption and dishonest manners, their corruption should retain with them only”
Jai Hind, Jai Kumoun, Jai Bharat .
I have gone through the histroy of Kumaon. I feel very proud to be one of kumaoni. I would like to thank all of the writer who have put their best efforts to familarise the future genration about their history. I would also like to thank the people of kumaon for their honesty, intelligency and brave deeds. I feel proud to be known as kumaouni as it has secrificed its people for the security and safety of our country-india. As our young generation used to join the Army for keeping our country safe from the borders as well as from the terrerists. As the Govt. has been influenced by the curruption, our young generation has also change their mind set to use their skill and intelligence and power in other fields rather than joining the Army, rssults are there that number of kumouni guys are scientists, honest leader and are holding other responsible positions and are known their honesty and sincerity. Mohan chandra Sharma is one of kumouni brave example who have sacrificed his life for the people of our county and for the people of Delhites. There are so many and—- so many those are not given credit because of corrupt policies and nepotism of our Govt. system. I would like to encourage the writer to write the history in such a way that our gereration will get inspiratron and boost the moral and honesty in each of indian citizen to create a healthy atmosphere.
“The Honest and Sincere people should spread all over the country to spread their Honesty, Sincerity and Wisdom whereas the corrupt people should shuld retain at one place so that other people should not learn their corruption and dishonest manners, their corruption should retain with them only”
Jai Hind, Jai Kumoun, Jai Bharat .
i shall be greatfull if some one can mail me ras/chulkani/bhatti jaul banane ki vidhi .
Hi, I belong to Shilpkar community also called “Arya”. My village name is Chupad also called “Chopra”, near “Garam Pani” thats why I use “Chupad” surname. I have been running a coaching centre in Delhi for last 10 years for College students of Commerce stream. I have taught several students who belonged to Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya castes of Kumaon.
Most of the surnames used in Kumaon are the names of places where people belong to. I read lots of articles about History of Kumaon and came to know that only The Aryas or Shilpkars or Kols are original inhabitants of Kumaon and all others are migrated to Kumaon. You can say that Kols were the oldest tribes of Kumaon who did all kinds of job what human does to live. The oldest men were enough knowledgeable and wise to lead the groups in their time. Later when other groups migrated to this region, conflicts must have risen for various vested interests of individuals or groups. Over the period of time different groups merged together as well as separated to create new groups, hence new castes, gotra, customs, beliefs and work were adopted and all these categories like; Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudras were formed based on the knowledge and interest of work. Later people followed particular work skills in their families that created their identity. It is very difficult for anybody to prove his originality because people merged with each others group, changed their work and migrated to one place to other for so many reasons. Even today, so many young boys and girls from different region, religion, caste, gotra and beliefs are getting married just on the basis of their common interest. Everybody is free to become educated and choose any career to serve the society. Everybody is free to visit any temple in the country.
So at the end, I would like to say that we must think about our present and future but not our past. It does not matter if I belonged to a King dynasty because nobody is going to salute me for that but the important things would be my behaviour, my knowledge and my work skills that will make me a useful person for the society.
it was really nice to read all this history of kumaon. thanks to all of u who put their efforts to share their knowledge with others…
can u kindly shares the information about our DEVTA LIKE HARUHIT RAJULAA MALL SHAI ETC. & about jaagri….. I will wait for your positive response ……………… JAI KUMAO JAI UTTRANCHAL
katyuri raj hi aj kaintura ke nam se jane jate ha jo tehre me arota, tyadgaon, deengaon, kannas lingwana, 11 gaon hindo, makhendi, dwarhat, almora, joshimath adi gaon me rahte ha
Hi, I am also an uttarakhandi belong to Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. It was nice to read article “History of Kumaon”. I would like to know about Goril Devta (known as GOLU in Kumaon region) I heard that this Devta was also a King of Kaituri Densty then how he became a Devta and being worshipped by us in Kumaon as well as Garhwal. Some part of Garhwal this is being worshipped as Kandolia. If any body has some knowledge about this, please share your knowledge with us. Please also post history of Garhwal also. Thanks
I’people of kumaon and there brave history
Dear all,
I am very Happy for new Information Kumaon all Histry,
Kumaon Song & all traditional etc.
Thanks & Regards,
Tara Singh Baghari
Barari Baghewar(uttrakhand)
I read about history of kumaon.And knew much more about kumoan
every person of kumaon should know about kumaon specialy to new
genegation
kumaoni is not only word but it is the feeling to be the great warrior…